There are many kinds of prescription drugs and OTC medications that cause memory loss. See if any drugs you take are on our lists.
According to Harvard University, prescription drugs cause over 128,000 deaths per year in the United States. (1)
Shockingly, this does not count deaths in nursing homes — an estimated additional 350,000 deaths annually. (2)
Adverse drug reactions are now the fourth leading cause of death in the US and the fifth leading cause of death in Europe. (3, 4)
More emergency room visits result from prescription medications than from illicit drugs, alcohol, and recreational drug use combined. (5)
It’s very clear that medications carry risks and one of the most common risks is memory loss.
The 3 Worst Categories of Drugs for Memory Loss
If you are taking any prescription medication that is affecting your memory, it’s probably one of three kinds of drugs known to cause memory loss and other cognitive problems.
Anticholinergics: The “Anti” Drugs
If you take a drug that starts with “anti,” such as antihistamines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antibiotics, antispasmodics, or antihypertensives, it’s likely that it will affect your acetylcholine level.
Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter of memory and learning.
When you’re low in acetylcholine, you become forgetful, can’t concentrate, or can’t think of the right word.
Acetylcholine deficiencies are associated with dementia and Alzheimer’s, and medications for these disorders work by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain. (6)
Drugs that block the action of acetylcholine are known as anticholinergics.
Common side effects of anticholinergic drugs include:
- confusion
- blurred vision
- constipation
- dry mouth
- lightheadedness
- difficulty starting and continuing to urinate
- loss of bladder control
Low acetylcholine can lead to a group of symptoms that resembles dementia including mental confusion, brain fog, incoherent speech, delirium, blurred vision, memory loss, and hallucinations.
Anticholinergic Drugs and Seniors
The side effects of anticholinergic drugs are more pronounced in seniors due to the natural reduction of acetylcholine production associated with age.
Disturbingly, anticholinergic drugs are known to increase the risk of falls and all-cause mortality (i.e., death) in the elderly. (7)
The increased risk of dementia from anticholinergic drugs is significant — around 30%. (8)
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Anticholinergic Drug Lists
Rather than list all of the drugs known to be anticholinergic here, we’ve assembled a few reputable anticholinergic drug lists.
You can take a look at the list created by PeoplesPharmacy.com or download this PDF created by the Indiana University Center for Aging Research.
Notice that these lists rate drugs by level of anticholinergic activity — mild, moderate, or severe.
Dr. Leo Galland has published an extensive list of anticholinergic substances that includes drugs, herbal remedies, and even eye drops.
Additionally, you can check all the medications you are currently taking to determine your anticholinergic burden with this online calculator.
If your anticholinergic risk is high, we urge you to bring this to your doctor’s attention.
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Sleeping Pills
Prescription sleeping pills like Ambien, Sonata, and Lunesta are notorious for causing memory problems.
Ever since these drugs hit the market, people have been reporting “Ambien amnesia” or “Ambien blackouts” during which they have walked, eaten, and even driven their car in their sleep with no recollection of it the following day. (9)
Dr. Kirk Parsley is a physician, former Navy SEAL, and a sleep expert for the US Navy.
He found a large number of Navy SEALS were using sleeping pills and made a startling discovery while studying EEGs of their brains. (10)
Brainwave patterns showed that, under the effect of sleeping pills, these men were as unconscious as if they were drunk or in a coma, but were not actually asleep.
According to Dr. Parsley, this means that these men were not experiencing the restorative sleep their brains needed to consolidate new memories and to maintain and repair itself. (11, 12, 13, 14)
In an interview on the investigative news program 20/20, Charlie Sheen pointedly called Ambien “the devil’s aspirin.” (15)
Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs
Cholesterol-lowering medications might just be the single worst group of drugs for your brain.
Memory loss is now required to be listed as a side effect on the label of statin cholesterol-lowering drugs like Lipitor and Crestor.
When researchers examined the medical records of nearly a million people, they found that statin use increased the risk of memory loss four-fold. (16)
And it’s not just statins, other kinds of cholesterol-lowering drugs were also strongly linked to increased forgetfulness.
Here’s why lowering cholesterol is a problem for your brain.
One-quarter of your brain is composed of cholesterol.
Cholesterol is necessary for memory, learning, and fast thinking.
Cholesterol is needed to make neurotransmitters, chemicals that brain cells use to communicate with each other.
So it is not such a surprise that cholesterol-lowering drugs negatively affect the brain.
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You’ll probably be shocked to learn that high total cholesterol has actually been found to reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly. (17)
You read that right.
Statins have been pushed on the public because they are among the most profitable prescription drugs in the world. (18)
One in two senior men and one in three senior women are taking these drugs. (19)
Related on Be Brain Fit —
To learn more about what really does cause heart disease and what to do if you currently take statins, read The Connection Between Statins, Memory Loss & Dementia.
And if drug companies have their way, even more people will be put on statins in the future.
Some drug company spokespersons recommend that everyone over the age of 40 take a statin drug even if they have no history of heart disease! (20)
Cholesterol-lowering drugs are not the key to ending heart disease as we’ve been led to believe.
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20 Prescription Drugs That Cause Memory Loss
Dr. Richard C. Mohs is former vice chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
He is the author of more than 300 scientific papers and has conducted numerous research studies on aging, Alzheimer’s disease, and cognitive function.
Per Dr. Mohs, these medications are known to have memory loss as a possible side effect: (21)
- Parkinson’s — scopolamine, atropine, glycopyrrolate
- epilepsy — phenytoin or Dilantin
- painkillers — heroin, morphine, codeine
- sleeping pills — Ambien, Lunesta, Sonata
- benzodiazepines — Valium, Xanax, Ativan, Dalmane
- quinidine
- naproxen
- steroids
- antibiotics (quinolones)
- antihistamines
- interferons
- high blood pressure drugs
- insulin
- beta blockers (especially those used for glaucoma)
- methyldopa
- antipsychotics — Haldol, Mellaril
- tricyclic antidepressants
- lithium
- barbiturates — Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital
- chemotherapy drugs
12 Popular Over-the-Counter Remedies That Cause Memory Loss
Not all medications that cause memory loss are prescription-only.
Many popular over-the-counter (OTC) drugs also cause memory loss by blocking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
These are some popular OTC remedies that are anticholinergic: (22, 23, 24)
- Advil PM (pain and sleep)
- Benadryl (for allergies)
- Claritin (for allergies)
- Dramamine (for motion sickness)
- Excedrin PM (for pain and insomnia)
- Nytol (for insomnia)
- Pepcid AC (acid reflux)
- Sominex (for insomnia)
- Tagamet (acid reflux)
- Tylenol PM (for pain and insomnia)
- Unisom (for insomnia)
- Zantac (acid reflux)
A large study found that seniors who take OTC medications like Benadryl are at significantly increased risk for developing dementia and Alzheimer’s. (25)
Long-term use was not required.
Memory loss from these remedies was noticeable in as little as 60 days. (26)
This is bad news for the millions of people who rely on diphenhydramine — the generic name for Benadryl — to treat allergies, colds, and insomnia. (27)
Many OTC remedies for allergies, colds, cough, sinus problems, skin irritations, insomnia, headache, and pain contain diphenhydramine.
You can find a complete list of OTC medicines that contain diphenhydramine at Drugs.com.
Minimizing Medication-Induced Memory Loss: An Expert-Recommended Plan
Are you taking any of these prescription medications?
Do you believe they are affecting your memory?
Then we recommend following the advice of Armon B. Neel, Jr, PharmD, CGP, FASCP.
He is a geriatric pharmacist who has devoted his career to guiding health professionals and older adults in the appropriate use of medication.
He is the past author of AARP’s “Ask a Pharmacist” column and is the author of Are Your Prescriptions Killing You?
Expert-Recommended Plan to Minimize Medication-Induced Memory Loss
Take Inventory
Take inventory of what you are taking.
Write down every medication, dosage, and when you started taking it.
Talk to Your Doctor
Talk to your doctor about what you are taking, how much you are taking, and why you are taking it.
If you have more than one physician, have this conversation with each of them.
Find Non-Drug Approaches
Ask if there are any non-drug approaches you can take instead.
Find out the consequences of stopping any medication.
Can Medications Be Eliminated?
If there are any medications that can be eliminated, discuss a plan for getting off them and follow the plan.
Talk to Your Pharmacist
You should always get all your medications filled by the same pharmacy.
Talk to your pharmacist about everything you take to make sure there are no known interactions.
In the meantime, check for interactions right now using one of the online drug interaction checkers in our Mental Health Resources Guide.
Read This Book
Read Are Your Prescriptions Killing You?.
Reviewers on Amazon call it “a life saver.”
Find a Consultant or Geriatric Pharmacist
Enlist the help of a consultant or geriatric pharmacist.
You can find one in your area through the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists.
You can get more information from Neel’s website MedicationXpert.com including how to arrange an in-person or phone consultation with him about your medications.
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Lastly, use the lifestyle advice you find here on our website.
Even if you have to stay on your medication, you can lessen the load on your brain by taking proactive steps such as eating a brain-healthy diet, getting the sleep and physical exercise your brain needs, managing your stress, and taking the right brain supplements.
If you regularly take an OTC medicine for allergies, pain, insomnia or acid reflux, get serious about switching to natural remedies which can provide relief — without increasing your risk of dementia.
Give your brain the healthiest possible environment to stay mentally sharp in spite of your medications.
Drugs That Cause Memory Loss: Take the Next Step
Prescription medications can be a double-edged sword.
Obviously, they are sometimes needed, but doctors are often too eager to write prescriptions for drugs that can affect your memory and other cognitive skills.
Become an educated patient and understand exactly what you are taking, why you are taking it, and the risks involved.
Be proactive about talking to your doctor and your pharmacist if you believe your prescriptions, or OTC remedies, are causing your memory loss.
In the meantime, give your brain the nutrients it needs to be its best.
We recommend Mind Lab Pro® — a “universal” brain supplement that contains 11 brain-enhancing ingredients that work together to improve memory and overall brain health.
READ NEXT: 20 Memory Supplements That Really Work
Cheryl says
I have been trying to find out if Cipro or Flagyl can cause long term brain damage. My husband has been on them both (at the same time) several times for diverticulitis. This was a few years ago, but there are noticeable issues with memory loss, inability to concentrate,etc… not only by myself and his family, but him as well. We found out from a GI doc he went to for a second opinion from that there are other “safer” antibiotics he could’ve taken. We were always led to believe that Cipro and Flagyl were THE ONLY options. Just trying to figure out what may be going on with his brain. Thx.
Deane Alban says
Hi Cheryl, Cipro can cause a host of problems including brain fog, memory loss, muscle weakness and much more.
Phil says
Which are the drugs used to treat epilepsy that are best avoided if you are having memory problems?
Carmela Correale says
over the past years my voice has changed. I feel hoarse all of the time at times even speak above a whisper. if I raise my voice I begin to cough and splatter..I do suffer from severe reflux and stomach acid for decades and is getting worse recently I have had ulcerated esophygus and stomach lining. I’ve been on different medications to reduce the acid production, My most recent are Zantac twice a day and Nexium 40 once a day..I have also been taking Plaquenil over 15 years for fibromyalgia. So I don’t know if my voice is caused by my inflammatory condition or the medications so far the doctors don’t seem to get it that I would like to know what it is..soon I won’t be speaking at all..and I avoid wanting to talk to people even my own family
Deane Alban says
Hi Carmela, Keep pressing your doctors and if they aren’t helpful find a new one who takes your side effects to heart. I urge you to seek out drug-free alternatives to your reflux as acid-reducing drugs are known to cause memory loss.
Betty Tomey says
What about Repatha my email is the one I used all the time
Deane Alban says
Hi Betty, Memory loss can occur from Repatha but it is considered a “rare” side effect.