There are many kinds of prescription drugs and OTC medications that cause memory loss. See if any drugs you take are on our lists.
According to Harvard University, prescription drugs cause over 128,000 deaths per year in the United States. (1)
Shockingly, this does not count deaths in nursing homes — an estimated additional 350,000 deaths annually. (2)
Adverse drug reactions are now the fourth leading cause of death in the US and the fifth leading cause of death in Europe. (3, 4)
More emergency room visits result from prescription medications than from illicit drugs, alcohol, and recreational drug use combined. (5)
It’s very clear that medications carry risks and one of the most common risks is memory loss.
The 3 Worst Categories of Drugs for Memory Loss
If you are taking any prescription medication that is affecting your memory, it’s probably one of three kinds of drugs known to cause memory loss and other cognitive problems.
Anticholinergics: The “Anti” Drugs
If you take a drug that starts with “anti,” such as antihistamines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antibiotics, antispasmodics, or antihypertensives, it’s likely that it will affect your acetylcholine level.
Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter of memory and learning.
When you’re low in acetylcholine, you become forgetful, can’t concentrate, or can’t think of the right word.
Acetylcholine deficiencies are associated with dementia and Alzheimer’s, and medications for these disorders work by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain. (6)
Drugs that block the action of acetylcholine are known as anticholinergics.
Common side effects of anticholinergic drugs include:
- confusion
- blurred vision
- constipation
- dry mouth
- lightheadedness
- difficulty starting and continuing to urinate
- loss of bladder control
Low acetylcholine can lead to a group of symptoms that resembles dementia including mental confusion, brain fog, incoherent speech, delirium, blurred vision, memory loss, and hallucinations.
Anticholinergic Drugs and Seniors
The side effects of anticholinergic drugs are more pronounced in seniors due to the natural reduction of acetylcholine production associated with age.
Disturbingly, anticholinergic drugs are known to increase the risk of falls and all-cause mortality (i.e., death) in the elderly. (7)
The increased risk of dementia from anticholinergic drugs is significant — around 30%. (8)
Rather than list all of the drugs known to be anticholinergic here, take a look at lists of these drugs created by HealthHarvard.edu, PeoplesPharmacy.com, NHS Milton Keynes Clinical Commissioning Group, or in this PDF created by Ephor.nl, an organization devoted to improving drug use in older patients.
Notice that these lists rate drugs by level of anticholinergic activity — mild, moderate, or severe.
Additionally, Dr. Leo Galland has published an extensive list of anticholinergic substances that includes drugs, herbal remedies, and even eye drops.
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Sleeping Pills
Prescription sleeping pills like Ambien, Sonata, and Lunesta are notorious for causing memory problems.
Ever since these drugs hit the market, people have been reporting “Ambien amnesia” or “Ambien blackouts” during which they have walked, eaten, and even driven their car in their sleep with no recollection of it the following day. (9)
Dr. Kirk Parsley is a physician, former Navy SEAL, and a sleep expert for the US Navy.
He found a large number of Navy SEALS were using sleeping pills and made a startling discovery while studying EEGs of their brains. (10)
Learn more —
Mild Cognitive Impairment Treatment: What You Can Do
Brainwave patterns showed that, under the effect of sleeping pills, these men were as unconscious as if they were drunk or in a coma, but were not actually asleep.
According to Dr. Parsley, this means that these men were not experiencing the restorative sleep their brains needed to consolidate new memories and to maintain and repair itself. (11, 12, 13, 14)
In an interview on the investigative news program 20/20, Charlie Sheen openly called Ambien “the devil’s aspirin.” (15)
Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs
Cholesterol-lowering medications might just be the single worst group of drugs for your brain.
Memory loss is now required to be listed as a side effect on the label of statin cholesterol-lowering drugs like Lipitor and Crestor.
When researchers examined the medical records of nearly a million people, they found that statin use increased the risk of memory loss four-fold. (16)
And it’s not just statins, other kinds of cholesterol-lowering drugs were also strongly linked to increased forgetfulness.
Here’s why lowering cholesterol is a problem for your brain.
One-quarter of your brain is composed of cholesterol.
Cholesterol is necessary for memory, learning, and fast thinking.
Cholesterol is needed to make neurotransmitters, chemicals that brain cells use to communicate with each other.
So it is not such a surprise that cholesterol-lowering drugs negatively affect the brain.
Learn more —
36 Proven Ways to Improve Your Memory
You’ll probably be shocked to learn that high total cholesterol has actually been found to reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly. (17)
You read that right.
Statins have been pushed on the public because they are among the most profitable prescription drugs in the world. (18)
One in two senior men and one in three senior women are taking these drugs. (19)
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And if drug companies have their way, even more people will be put on statins in the future.
Some drug company spokespersons recommend that everyone over the age of 40 take a statin drug even if they have no history of heart disease! (20)
Cholesterol-lowering drugs are not the key to ending heart disease as we’ve been led to believe.
Learn more —
To learn more about what really does cause heart disease and what to do if you currently take statins, read The Connection Between Statins, Memory Loss & Dementia.
20 Prescription Drugs That Cause Memory Loss
Dr. Richard C. Mohs is former vice chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
He is the author of more than 300 scientific papers and has conducted numerous research studies on aging, Alzheimer’s disease, and cognitive function.
He compiled this list of medications known to have memory loss as a possible side effect: (21)
- for Parkinson’s — scopolamine, atropine, glycopyrrolate
- for epilepsy — phenytoin or Dilantin
- painkillers — heroin, morphine, codeine
- sleeping pills — Ambien, Lunesta, Sonata
- benzodiazepines — Valium, Xanax, Ativan, Dalmane
- quinidine
- naproxen
- steroids
- antibiotics (quinolones)
- antihistamines
- interferons
- high blood pressure drugs
- insulin
- beta blockers (especially those used for glaucoma)
- methyldopa
- antipsychotics — Haldol, Mellaril
- tricyclic antidepressants
- lithium
- barbiturates — Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital
- chemotherapy drugs
12 Popular Over-the-Counter Remedies That Cause Memory Loss
Not all medications that cause memory loss are prescription-only.
Many popular over-the-counter (OTC) drugs also cause memory loss by blocking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Here are some popular OTC remedies that are anticholinergic: (22, 23, 24)
- Advil PM (pain and sleep)
- Benadryl (for allergies)
- Claritin (for allergies)
- Dramamine (for motion sickness)
- Excedrin PM (for pain and insomnia)
- Nytol (for insomnia)
- Pepcid AC (acid reflux)
- Sominex (for insomnia)
- Tagamet (acid reflux)
- Tylenol PM (for pain and insomnia)
- Unisom (for insomnia)
- Zantac (acid reflux)
Learn more —
Do Heartburn Drugs Like Prilosec Raise Dementia Risk?
A large study found that seniors who take OTC medications like Benadryl are at significantly increased risk for developing dementia and Alzheimer’s. (25)
Long-term use was not required.
Memory loss from these remedies was noticeable in as little as 60 days. (26)
This is bad news for the millions of people who rely on diphenhydramine — the generic name for Benadryl — to treat allergies, colds, and insomnia. (27)
Many OTC remedies for allergies, colds, cough, sinus problems, skin irritations, insomnia, headache, and pain contain diphenhydramine.
You can find a complete list of OTC medicines that contain diphenhydramine at Drugs.com.
Minimizing Medication-Induced Memory Loss: An Expert-Recommended Plan
Are you taking any of these prescription medications?
Do you believe they are affecting your memory?
Then we recommend following the advice of Armon B. Neel, Jr, PharmD, CGP, FASCP.
He is a geriatric pharmacist who has devoted his career to guiding health professionals and older adults in the appropriate use of medication.
He is the past author of AARP’s “Ask a Pharmacist” column and is the author of Are Your Prescriptions Killing You?
If you take medications you suspect are causing cognitive problems, here are the steps he recommends you take:
- Take inventory of what you are taking. Write down every medication, dosage, and when you started taking it.
- Talk to your doctor about what you are taking, how much you are taking, and why you are taking it. If you have more than one physician, have this conversation with each of them.
- Ask if there are any non-drug approaches you can take instead. Find out the consequences of stopping any medication.
- If there are any medications that can be eliminated, discuss a plan for getting off them and follow the plan.
- You should always get all your medications filled by the same pharmacy. Talk to your pharmacist about everything you take to make sure there are no known interactions. In the meantime, check for interactions right now using one of the online drug interaction checkers in our Mental Health Resources Guide.
- Read Are Your Prescriptions Killing You?. Reviewers on Amazon call it “a life saver.”
- Enlist the help of a consultant or geriatric pharmacist. You can find one in your area through the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists.
Learn more —
Why Your Memory Is Bad and What to Do About It
You can get more information from Neel’s website MedicationXpert.com including how to arrange an in-person or phone consultation with him about your medications.
Lastly, use the lifestyle advice you find here on our website.
Even if you have to stay on your medication, you can lessen the load on your brain by taking proactive steps such as eating a brain-healthy diet, getting the sleep and physical exercise your brain needs, managing your stress, and taking the right brain supplements.
If you regularly take an OTC medicine for allergies, pain, insomnia or acid reflux, get serious about switching to natural remedies which can provide relief — without increasing your risk of dementia.
Give your brain the healthiest possible environment to stay mentally sharp in spite of your medications.
Drugs That Cause Memory Loss: The Bottom Line
Prescription medications can be a double-edged sword.
Obviously, they are sometimes needed, but doctors are often too eager to write prescriptions for drugs that can affect your memory and other cognitive skills.
Become an educated patient and understand exactly what you are taking, why you are taking it, and the risks involved.
Be proactive about talking to your doctor and your pharmacist if you believe your prescriptions, or OTC remedies, are causing your memory loss.
WHAT DO YOU THINK?